Mavrix Crater Ball, High Density PU Bouncy ball

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Other factors, such as the height dropped, and the diameters of the balls, were simply determined by the equipment available in the lab. Measuring large heights was impractical with metre rules, and only a certain number of balls were available at a good range of diameters. Keeping the angle the same, changing the magnitude of the ball’s velocity – and measure the length and depth of impact craters. The computer you are using is not registered by an institution with a subscription to this article. Please choose This will be due to the ball having more kinetic energy ( mass multiplied by velocity squared) – so more energy will be put into displacing the sand grains downward and outward.

Craters in a Sandbox Physics - Craters in a Sandbox

NASA/JPL Deep impacts. Two teams found they could learn about the formation of lunar craters (above) by making their own craters in the lab. They dropped balls into sand and other granular materials. × So, how far did Shepard manage to hit his ball? "Looked like a slice to me, Al," quipped Fred Haise in Mission Control after watching Shepard's first shot that he hit into a nearby crater. Given the known location of the TV camera, Shepard's bootprints can be identified, showing his stance for his first two attempts - when he took "more dirt than ball". Have you ever heard someone say that the moon is made of cheese? Even though the craters on the surface of the moon resemble holes in Swiss cheese, we know that this common myth is not true. Find out how craters are formed and why they are different sizes by doing this simple science project. A variety of balls, marbles or beanbags (or any toys that can be dropped from a height without being damaged). Fill the pan about 2 cm deep with flour, lightly sprinkle the drinking chocolate to cover the entire surface.The impact was so powerful the crater is called the Chicxulub Extinction Event Crater. Scientists say half the species on Earth—including the dinosaurs—went extinct as a result of the impact. The event was more than a billion times more explosive than all the atomic bombs ever detonated on Earth. Former England goalkeeper Karen Bardsley says action is needed to keep the close connection between fans and players. The next step is to model the ball as a projectile, to investigate further the independence of horizontal and vertical components of motion. Firstly, for the final experiment, the landing tray was not long enough to slow down balls travelling at high speed. A longer tray would have been able to produce a wider range of results. When you hear the word geography, you might think of maps and names of state capitals, but the work of geographers is much more than creating maps and identifying places. Geographers look at how people, places, and Earth are connected. They study the economy, social conditions, climate, and topography of a region to help answer questions in urban and regional planning, business, agriculture, and medicine.

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Using impact objects of different size or density (choose one or the other), repeat steps 1-5, noting your results throughout the investigation. Results Barringer Crater ( also known as Meteor Crater ) in Arizona was created instantly when a 50-meter (164-foot), 150,000-ton meteorite slammed into the desert around 50,000 years ago. An old theory predicts a depth exponent of 1/4 by assuming that most of the meteorite’s energy goes into lifting grains out of the crater space. But Durian suspects that granular materials can dissipate energy in a different way. At the early moments after impact, the grains may “seize up” and react like a solid mass before allowing the object to penetrate moments later. The same effect prevents you from slapping your open hand down through sand at the beach, even though it yields with a gentler push. Durian says that a better theory would account for this property and might agree more closely with his team’s depth data. Cardboard box; it should be larger than a shoebox and fairly deep. Something like a small moving box would be perfect. Electrons can help infer laser intensities that are too high to measure using conventional methods.

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With more air evacuated from the container, and hence less pressure, they discovered that the jet was less vigorous, and that the ball did not penetrate as deep. The researchers claim that this ties in with their existing mechanism: a lower pressure means there is less air surrounding the ball and the sand grains, thus increasing drag and making the sand behave less like a fluid. The net result is a shallower penetration, and a shorter jet. “It reveals the importance of air in fine granular matter,” Lohse told Physics Web. Over a long period of time, small and non-explosive eruptions may fill a volcaniccrater with new material. At Mount St. Helens, in the U.S. state of Washington, for example, a large crater formed when a major eruption in 1980 tore off 400 meters (1,300 feet) of the mountaintop. Soon after, smaller eruptions began piling up lava and volcanic ash on the crater floor, slowly rebuilding the mountain.

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This activity is best done in groups of at least 3 students, one to drop the impact object, one to time, and one to collect the results. Students should be encouraged to discuss what they think are the main factors affecting the sizes of impact craters, and write down their predictions for any trends in their results i.e. larger impact objects will create larger craters etc. Measure the mass of each impact object and note its mass in kg (1g=0.001 kg) on the spreadsheet provided. Durian and his colleagues dropped balls of many different materials and densities–from silicone rubber to ceramic–into materials such as sand, popcorn, and ice cream sprinkles. But the materials didn’t matter much; the depth was mainly affected by the density and diameter of the ball and the height from which it was dropped. Their crater diameters followed the “energy to the 1/4 power” rule of thumb, but the depth didn’t depend on energy in a simple way. This result doesn’t contradict the work of de Bruyn’s team because the UCLA researchers defined depth by measuring to the bottom of the buried ball, which was deeper than the bottom of the crater.The second graph also seems to show a linear relationship, but once again a single anomalous result is apparent. The large depth for the drop from 50cm suggests that the sand might have been less compact than usual, as this would have meant that the ball penetrated deeper than usual, with the grains being further apart.

Craters and Meteorites | Science Project

Apart from this one result, the graph clearly shows a linear relationship between the height dropped and the resulting impact crater.

Ordinary merchant’s sand was finally chosen as the impact material, it was easy to level and held its shape well. This was initially intended as the impact material, however after some early tests it was found that the flour would not hold its shape correctly after the ball had been removed from the impact crater. This lead to the diameter of the craters being changed greatly from the expected values. The second equation you provided is from Shoemaker & Wolfe (1982) (conference stub, not an actual paper) and is equation (3) in the Horedt & Neukem paper. Here, we account for two other effects: the density and gravitational accelerations of the impactor and object. How this is derived, I cannot say because I was unable to find Shoemaker & Wolfe's discussion on it.